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UNDER INFLUENCE AS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY

Who has not ever tried to enter a group?, who has not changed its way of thinking or acting?, who has not been driven by what other people think?

Some of these questions are answered by the two forms of social influence, outstanding at the theoretical level: conformity and obedience. Then I will make known the first relying on the writings of John M. Mark A. Levine Pavelchak.

What is meant by compliance?

This is when a person modifies their behavior or attitude to be consistent, identical or similar to the behavior or attitude of the group is conducted by pairs of equal status and should not necessarily influence or monitor, pressure or who will comply. But if once formed the subject, this pressure goes, it is most likely not continue subscribing to the group's position, provided that the compliance process has been given through public agreement or submission (this will not be the same in the case of private agreement or acceptance, as the depth of the commitment level is higher).

There are several factors that influence a person to comply, these are divided into three main areas are:

a) Characteristics of the Individual: This area is related to nationality, sex, race, etc.

b) Characteristics of the Group: has to do with group size, unanimity (degree of consensus, etc.). It is important to note that because of the presence of a partner within the group is more likely that a majority response is affected by the pressure of a minority. Some things to consider:

• The larger the group, greater conformity
• A greater number of people who adhere to a position closer conformity
• If there is unanimity in the group, greater conformity

c) Characteristics of the Relationship between the Individual and Group: An individual will comply if this will ensure acceptance by the group. If the person is still high status are more likely to be accepted that if one is low, on the other hand, the means will be status aceptados en parte. Ante lo cual podemos decir que a mayor estatus menor es la probabilidad de conformarse puesto que no es necesario para pertenecer a un grupo y ser aceptado.

Pero también hay que responder a la siguiente interrogante: ¿Por qué se conforman las personas?

Hay distintos tipos de influencia, está por un lado la influencia informacional que se da en personas que tiene poca confianza en sus creencias y esta prima al momento de querer obtener respuesta a ciertas interrogantes, existe presión por parte del grupo y le permite tener a la persona una percepción exacta de la realidad ya que tiene que ver con la forma de verificar un estímulo, This can give an immediate (ie there is a universal response or one for the stimulus) and compliance would be weak, if the stimulus check is impossible from the outset (answers ambiguous) is less likely that there is compliance, but that is strong in the individual, it must believe that their response to certain stimuli is not correct and there is only one universal response, but it must feel that the other group members are more competent than him (here lies the little confidence itself).

can also speak of the normative influence relates to settle to avoid punishment and get reward from the group, this is less likely to be private acceptance (not in the informational influence). It is important to say that these two types of influence depends on the individual group one way or another.

Finally appoint the genetic explanation of conformity , Moscovici through this explanation we mean that compliance is a concept that emerged from negotiations between the individual and the group against conflict, but to leave this should be a standard of objectivity, which allows us to give a single answer to a question, on the other hand, the group should be nomic, that is, with rules and a strongly internalized and affirming this position and if we refer to the individual it must be anomic having a weak internal position.

could appoint normalization as another form of influence, this is a reciprocal influence by group members, which occurs when there is no consensus on an accurate and unique response to a question, but apart from This group participants must have the same powers, the same behavior and a weak commitment to its position.

Taking the above letter is true that compliance takes place at any level provided it complies with the characteristics of individuals and groups. Apparently the most important features is related to the weak commitment to position itself as compared to subjects that are beginning to waver in their beliefs and doubt resulting in lower confidence in themselves, this leads them to look at the behavior and thoughts of others if they are more confident which also causes them to have the support of others in the group, this does not mean that there must be pressure from others to the subject line.

From here we address two edges of the line having to do with the advantages and disadvantages. As noted, this form of influence allows us to be accepted by groups which is the only way to go, but be careful because this can also play against as it may be taken by other members of the group as merely a way to enter this being rejected. Another disadvantage has to do with the difficulties in carrying out the process of differentiating the group level, which prevents the individual may feel as unique and capable of living and acting according to his ideals which can be risky in some occasions as to be carried away by others may take a wrong decision being that if he had followed his thoughts would be correct, this may have to do with lack of self confidence and insecurity. In my opinion one of the most important consequences at the group level is about stagnating or emergence of these, by that I mean if there are groups with stable rules, clear and consistent is easier for individuals to conform because they are against limits and clear vision, ie a particular paradigm that makes follow certain guidelines in their ways of thinking and acting, but as we all know time is not static, change leads at various levels and what happens in the case that time continue to move and the paradigm remains the same, I mean here's the main difficulty of the subject, sometimes a character would be good to bring innovative paradigm shift at so that the group exists and can be tailored to the external environment, what I meant to be structurally mating performance level, because if not, go away.

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What would we be without communication?

This is a question that many theorists make when starting to make their assumptions, but although everyone has the same purpose which is to explain the phenomenon, they do so through various options. While all are important when studying or analyzing a message or communication process, we can not leave out is that belonging to Watzlawick who postulates the axioms and inserted as a cross to the other theory.

So important is the phenomenon of communication that is at the base of all social systems and in the case to be effective, allows for executive leadership, adequate desision making and working environment of trust and security.

information

has been given different conceptualizations.

a) Bateson defined as the difference that makes the difference, apart map (know) and territory (map guides us in the work). Dice the difference (is the bridge between map and territory. By taking a first information that makes a difference that makes a difference in the map.

b) establishes a relationship between Wiener entropy (the tendency to disorder , chaos) and information (tendency to order), since we know that if we know the guidelines or laws and what is not entropic Tando. The order and disorder depends on the information you have.

c) Maturana speaks of structural determinism (the systems are structurally determined), therefore, changes in the system depend on the structure of this and not the external stimulus that triggers.

d) Luhmann regards the choice between alternatives, where "information is a selection within a range of possible known or unknown" (Rodriguez, 2004, p. 157). The information is given by the sense which is always choice.

Communication

Dario Rodriguez (2004) understands as the process of exchange of information and transmission of meaning.


Issuer>>>> encoder>>>> Channel>>>> Decoder>>>> Receiver Noise

Noise: distortion, contamination or failure of communication. To avoid this, raise your voice, gestures to support the verbal message, repeat it, make sure that the other may have misunderstood the information, all this together is called redundant communication.

Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson (1972, cited in Rodriguez, 2004, p.160) developed a pragmatic theory of communication based on behavior (PRAGMA), which is overridden in 5 axioms:

1) Inability of failure to communicate: not because there is no behavior, a more ensismismada person who is reading a book, just be communicating something, it also communicates how to address the public, the way you walk, the use of technology, etc.

2) is given in terms of content and relationship: the content is the information contained in the message and the relationship is the link between the persons communicating.

3) Punctuation of the sequences of events: it has to do with who starts the sequence, the lack of agreement may porducir discussions.

4) digital and analog Language: The analogy is nonverbal and verbal is digital.

5) can be complementary symmetric: it has to do with equality or difference, organizations because of its hierarchy have a supplemental submission. It is symmetric when a certain type of communication causes a response in the same direction, for example, if someone sees anger in the other, this will react the same way. You can give the symmetrical and complementary escalation, which can become pathological if rigid.

Maturana said that the communication amounts to a limit state, where the sender and receiver have identical lists of alternatives the which if known and accomplished using the same manner would take his utility to the communication.

unlike Watzlavick Luhman says that communication is intrinsically social (for the important role of the receiver and transmitter). He says that social systems are autopoietic systems communication. Define a synthesis of three selections:

a) Selection of information: the sender has a variety of information that can compratir with the receiver, it must select one.

b) Selection of an expression: the emoisor has many forms of expression, it must choose one.

c) Selection of an understanding: the recipient of many ways that you have to understand, you must choose one, distinguishing between information and expression. Within this understanding also misunderstanding. Observer



Central to the selection of information.

Observer
second order observation made by an observer watching. Go schemes distinction made by another observer, but not himself. In organizations it is intended that these schemes have the same distinction, at this, March and Simon (1958, cited in Rodriguez, 2004, p. 165) have reached the following conclusions:

1) The higher the prestige earned by the group, more likely to identify with.

2) A more goals shared by the group, the greater the tendency to identify themselves.

3) A higher frequency of interaction between the individual and the group, the greater the tendency to identify with him.

4) The more individual needs met by the group, more likely to identify themselves.

5) The less the competition between members of the group and the individual, the greater the tendency to identify themselves.

A further identification of the individual with the group, the greater the number of patterns shared with this distinction.

Organizational Communication

Luhman said that the communication does not occur by chance is unlikely. There are three improbabilities that must be overcome:

a) unlikely to understand what that means, is reduced through language. It can also be by means of communications for the action (classifying speech acts involved and the commitment to increase understanding, Flores, 1989)

b) unlikely to have access to people who are not pesentes: using newsletters, memos, magazines, etc.

c) unlikely that other people accept the communication received: accept the proposed selectivity of communication, and incorporate it as part of the decision.

organizations are highly selective, because they select what is useful and what makes them resonance structure.

Effective Communication: Transmitter and receiver come to understand

Efficient Communication : achievement of objectives at minimum cost (use email to reach all people rather than face to face).

Vertical Communication: communications originating at the height communications are transforming into more specific as it descends into the pyramid.

not always the supervisor and subordinate agree on what should be the communication, therefore, always report something less than what the other meant.

Horizontal Communication: aimed at achieving better coordination between subsystems, but must overcome the difficulties of language barriers between subsystems. It is difficult to perform. Is related to informal communication. Can be used to make jokes and meetings outside the workplace, also can increase organizational efficiency, but can also hinder the organizational hierarchy.

The rumor

allows communication to continue even when some channels are clogged. It is not rare or always harmful, it is a symptom of serious communication problems especially when it is shown that there is more confidence in the rumor that the official information.

Communication and Environment

structural coupling: the relationship between organization and environment.

The comnicación internal organization must be consistent with the communication between the organization and the environment.

Fernando Flores : communication across partners express commitments, whether or not conscious. See some sort of difficulties when they disagree with these commitments. Speech acts are:

Managers: If you want to make the listener a role in the future.

commisive : the speaker is committed to take action in the future.

Declarative : If you change the world in the sense expressed by them.

Expressive : If you represent the speaker's mood.

Affirmative: if they express justified beliefs of the speaker.

Break: when it breaks the transparency, orquestras elements that represent challenges but also opportunities. It redefines the situation.
(Remember that speaks of conversations for action, as a way to reduce misunderstandings)

Rafael Echeverria : talk about the ontology of language. Apply:

the language creates the human being.

Language creates reality, not only describes, is an action, we model the future, our identity and the world

human beings create themselves in and through language

says language media organizations are

up talks to members of an organization in a particular unit because:

a) Each unit is specified by its limits, which are linguistic and decide who belongs to and whoever does this through declarations.

b) The structure of an organization comprises a network of promises that come from the talks.

c) Members of an organization perform their activities through a shared conversations yarn, creating conditions for synergy save time and resources.

d) The language unites the members because they have a shared past and future. Reference


Rodriguez, D. (2004). Organizational management. Elements for its study. Santiago: Universidad Católica de Chile.

Virginia Satir: Communication is clear, consistent, honest feedback and direct.